Category: Entertainment

Media coursework.
The age 14–25 is an appropriate target audience for the story line I have chosen. My comic book is also aimed at boys which is stereotypical but I found that during my research cost boys buy darker, gorier comic books so this helped me pick the colors for my horror comic book front cover.
My comic book also represents the social group of people who Like dark, gothic, horror comics. I have achieved this through the use of dark colors. By using the Image of a superhero standing tall on the front of the page, this brings In the serious feel to horror. This can then be seen as the person In the image not wanting to mess about, linking to the horror theme again-I researched lots f gothic comic books before so had a very good knowledge of what a typical horror comic book front cover looked like.
In this image I decided to make the moon brighter to show the amount of light against the dark colors. Also, this made the comic book front cover stand out more to my audience. Using photos I also cut around the circle to there was no black to make the moon be more clear to the audience against the dark background. Through the process of constructing my product I have become much more advanced at using photos than I was before.

It gave me a chance to use a lot of the features which I had not used before such as: the lasso tool which I found extremely helpful when transferring images onto my front cover. I used photos to edit my photos to make them look darker. If I was going to repeat this assignment I would of liked to of chosen a different purely because I am a girl so I am not very interested it that theme. Also, I would of liked to of chosen a different layout for my product because I feel like my comic book was not very original or creative.

Media coursework

Media Worldview.
Brandy Cain March 2, 2013 CVW 101 G. Malloy Media Worldview The movie I chose was It’s A Wonderful Life. It is one of my favorite movies. I think it’s a classic and everyone should watch it at least once. The movie is based on the life of George Bailey. You know from the beginning that the worldview is Christian because it starts with everyone praying for George. George is a troubled man going thru a hard time and an angel named Clarence Odbody comes down to show him how different his life would be if he had never been born.
Clarence has to save George so he can obtain his wings. The head angels Franklin and Joseph show Clarence Georges life up till now. George lives in New Bedford, NY. It’s a small town where everyone knows everyone. George’s father owns the Bailey Building and Loan Association. From when George was a child to his adult life the Bailey Building and Loan Association is in danger of going out of business. George Bailey is the type of person who sacrifices his own dreams for those of others. When George was 12 he saved his baby brother Harry after he falls into a frozen pond.
He ended up losing his earring after getting a cold from being in the freezing water. George worked at the local pharmacy. He realized that the druggist, Mr. Gower, has just received a telegram saying that his son had died. He was so distraught that he put poison in a pill supposed to be given to a child. George notices this and doesn’t deliver the medicine. The druggist is so mad that he hits George in his bad ear. George then explains to Mr. Gower that he made a mistake. Mr. Gower forgives George. After graduating high school George goes to work at the Bailey Building to save money to go to college.

It takes him 4 years and his brother Harry is now graduating from high school. George’s dad wishes he could send both of his sons to college at the same time. George explains that Harry can do the same thing as he has done. George goes to celebrate Harry’s graduation. He dances with Mary Hatch who has had a crush on George for years. One of the other guys who was after Mary was upset that George stole her from him so he plays a prank on them. Underneath the dance floor opens up to a swimming pool. George and Mary were dancing on the crack of the floor.
When the floor starts to open George and Mary are unaware and think that they must be dancing every good. They fall in and start dancing in the pool. Everyone see how much fun they are having so they jump in. That same night George’s father dies from a stroke. George has to put his plans on seeing the world on hold to run his father’s company. Harry and Mary go off to college leaving George behind. Four years Harry returns with a wife whose father has given him an excellent opportunity that George can’t let Harry pass up.
George goes to visit Mary and professes his love to her and a few months later they get married. After their wedding the Bailey Building is about to be foreclosed upon and George and Mary take the $2000 saved for their honeymoon and give it to the customers. George and Mary have four children: Pete, Susan, Tommy, and Zuzu. George building Bailey Park an affordable housing project. On the day the bank examiner comes George’s uncle Billy has lost the $8000 they owe. They try and trace down his tracks but do not find the money. George tries to get a loan and fails.
He lashes out at his family because he is so distraught. It’s Christmas Eve and he decided to go to the bar and get drunk. He runs is car into a tree and feels he would be worth more dead than alive and stands on top of the bridge about to jump. Clarence his angel shows George Potterville. George sees his life is worth something and heads home. He is greeted with friends and family giving him money to save him from bank fraud. Clarence was able to get his wings. You know his happens when George’s daughter hears a bell and says, “Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings. ”

Media Worldview

Entertainment Industry’s Negative Influence.
Media images and portrayal contribute to the socialization of young adults in a broad range of areas, particularly those in which the youth acquires limited knowledge from the society. Since media has been the most powerful and influential form of communication, people have been relying on the messages that media conveys to every program they release in the society. Through media, the young adults become aware of the factors and elements on their surroundings and start to evaluate the proper actions as response to media information.
Apparently, the young adults have been the most vulnerable cluster of the society because of their spending power and their influences on the purchase of the family. This is the reason why adolescent has always been the target of media entertainment industry (France, 117). As the world conforms to modernity, the society also changes adapting the new routines and concepts of living. Media, on the other hand, changes its way of giving information, entertaining people, and communicating to the society.
It is vastly different from the methods and techniques in the previous century; however, its power and appeal to the audience have never been affected by the changes in the society. Everyday, the young adults are being exposed to countless media concepts that help them develop a social understanding and give them a real-world experience. Previous studies have found that sexually related talk and behaviors can be seen on media 8 to 10 times per hour in prime-time programming.

A large portion of information from media source like television, films, magazines, newspapers, and even billboard advertisements include sexual material and subliminal messages which often involve kissing, physical flirting, and sexual intercourse. Moreover, the intercourse that adolescents see on television or movies often occur between unmarried partners (Brown et al, 60). Sexual messages on media are common and the youth become aware of the risk transmission of AIDS, contraceptives, unplanned pregnancy, and pre-marital sex.
However, aside from sexually related talks and behaviors, the adolescents are also exposed to violence. These violent images can be seen not only on television but also on computer games, movies, and advertisements containing subliminal messages of aggression which can be easily adapted by the young adults. The youth are also exposed to aggressive behavior on media and studies show that a child may had been exposed to hundred thousand acts of aggression and violence from media.
From the children’s preschool period, they are exposed to aggressive images of cartoon shows which portray hitting, slapping, pking, and punching. As they grow up, the maturity stage of the young adults have been exposed to murders, rapes, assaults, and other violent scenes on films and television shows. Most parents have been worried of the violence in media entertainment that may affect the young adult’s behaviors; however it may also seem ironic because of the endless portrayal of media about the true horrors of local and global violence through broadcast reports.
Undeniably, media helps the youth to be aware of the existence of things which they rarely see as they socialize with other people in the society. Through media, the youth is able to picture the world outside their homes. This idea may somehow confuse the parents as well as the young adults because of the inconsistency of information that youth acquire from media and from the society. Media effects do not end in sex and violence; in fact, the adults have been pointing their fingers to the media because of the information that adolescents acquire about drugs and its details.
The entertainment industry has been depicting the use of drugs as prohibited in the society; however, the actors in films and television programs portray the images of people with freedom and courage because of taking alcoholic drinks or using illegal drugs. The media has been releasing advertising campaign against the use of drugs in the society and aiming for a total eradication of illegal drugs through a complete absence of antidrug messages.
This technique aims to develop negative perception about illegal drugs among adolescents and keep them away from the possible use in the future. Surprisingly, there is still an increasing demand on illegal drugs despite the antidrug campaign in the society (Resnik, 49). Oftentimes, despite the intense campaign of media against the use of drugs, the entertainment industry portrays numerous images of people who use drugs and depicts them as rebels or menace in the society.
The youth have found drugs as a tool for manhood and liberty through the images that adolescents have seen on movies and television programs regardless of its negative portrayal on all the media concepts. Undeniably, the young adults dominate the large portion of drug users nowadays. Several theories have been presented addressing the potential effects of media entertainment to the young adults. The cultivation theory suggests that media images particularly the violence and the media portrayal of the world will be perceived as the accurate reflection of reality.
The heavy viewers will have a mean world syndrome and view world based on what they have seen on media. On the other hand, social cognitive theory discusses the behavior that can be adopted by the young adults after watching a certain show. Through observational learning, the youth will adopt the actions and attitudes of the people on media entertainment not because they want to imitate the models but because they get used of the behaviors that are being portrayed by media which has become part of the youth’s constructed reality (Shanahan et al, 20).
Media entertainment has been a part of the existence of the society; in fact, this has been considered as the provider of fun and knowledge for the mainstream. Media images are unquestionably factors why people buy products, conform to the messages that a certain show convey to the audience, and adapt the concepts that the media portrays in every media source. Regardless of positive or negative portrayal, the effects of these images to the people will still be the things to be considered at end of the show.
Works Cited
Brown, Jane. Steele, Jeanne R. & Walsh-Childers, Kim. Sexual teens, sexual media: investigating media’s influence on adolescent sexuality. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002 France, Alan. Understanding Youth in Late Modernity. New York: McGraw-Hill International, 2007 Resnik, Hank. Youth ; Drugs: Society’s Mixed Messages. USA: DIANE Publishing, 1990 Shanahan, James ; Morgan, Michael. (1999). Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1999

Entertainment Industry’s Negative Influence

National media.
I intend to conduct an investigation involving two sets of variables (x and y) in order to see how they relate to each other. I will choose a topic and then collect data from a secondary source attempting to analyse the variables such that a conclusion may be met, in terms of correlation and regression; according to the coursework criteria.
A very important aspect to this investigation is that the two variables of data have the likelihood of affecting each other (or just x affecting y) whilst ensuring that any other factors remain either constant (and have little to no affect on these data sets), or ensuring that any other factors present can be taken account of (at least in the qualitative sense), so that the conclusion to these sets of data is both valid and meaningful.
In everyday terms, the investigation I intend to conduct will follow a practical and significant path. Hopefully, the conclusion will shed some light on the set of quantitative data, producing an outcome of significance and, to some degree, provide useful information on the issue that was not already apparent. ‘I propose to find out if there is a relationship between the amount of teenagers smoking cigarettes and the rising number of teenagers with mobile phones in the UK.

‘ At face value, these two variables only have one thing in common, the age of the population involved. It may seem a pointless task to collect these results and analyse them. It has been argued, however, that the massive rise in mobile phone sales (publicized often in the national media) and the apparent decrease in the amount of young people smoking cigarettes are connected quite closely.
I intend to produce a coherent report, using data from independent sources; analysing the sets of data appropriately, using diagrams and tables. I will choose to look at the UK, as it provides a large enough population of teenagers to give a good spread of people with differing susceptibilities to peer pressure and other factors leading to the development of addiction to smoking from an early age and is a rich enough economy meaning that sales of mobiles have been enormous in the last five years, making the possible affect viable.
I have not chosen a worldwide population because once a sample extends beyond political, social and economic boundaries the massive changes in lifestyle and quality of life etc gives rise to too many factors which could contribute towards introduction to the use of cigarettes to young people in the population. I will start from the middle of the year 1996, when mobiles were relatively abundant amongst the general public and show each set of data for the beginning of each month up until the end of 2001 (where it seems sources for this data cease to be recorded from after that date).
If there is a strong connection between these sets of data and If I can argue that there are no other apparent factors influencing category y (amount of smokers between aged 13 and 19 years), I may be able to show that the mobile phones successfully compete with cigarettes to meet certain important needs of teenagers. I have made the assumption that other factors that may lead to the decrease in the teenage smoking population have remained close to constant (compared with the staggering increase in ownership of mobiles).
I will, however attempt to list any other factors (as I mentioned earlier) either quantitatively or qualitatively to account for any changes once I come to a conclusion. I will list these possible factors in this conclusion. If I manage to go some way to proving that there is a connection between the two variables, taking into account the inflated sales in mobile phones in the UK these other factors should be considered insignificant in comparison.
I will only place a restriction on the UK population by age (between 13 and 19 years), gender, beackground, IQ, etc shall not be factors providing any restrictions as I want to look at the population of teenagers as a whole. It would also be too difficult to access the secondary sources needed and restricting the population due to these other factors may give an unbalanced spread making the task pointless.
After I make full analysis of the data I shall produce an appropriate hypothesis test in order to make a more accurate quantitative judgement on the issue. I will try to explain any anomalous results by looking at when they occurred and any possible factors which may have resulted in their presence. The following is a table of results showing the number of mobile phones owned by teenagers and the number of smokers of the same age group.
They are from secondary, independent sources and consist of a random sample of teenagers varying across the UK using quota sampling. The cross section of teenagers should therefore be representative of the teenage population in the UK. The sources are of a standard such that they are likely to be very accurate, unbiased and relaible. [Sources: The British Medical Journal, Office of Fair trading for TELecommunications (OFTEL) statistics. ]

National media

News Media: Overview.
They are often misrepresented by editors in order to make them more appealing to the viewer. For example, take this Big Mac from McDonald’s. Here, advertisers have used a false portrayal of the real Big Mac to manipulate It’s viewers to want to the buy their product. Similarly to advertises misleading us, so too does the media In their depiction of conveying real life Issues and events through the use of language features. Good morning/afternoon fellow classmates, today I am here to discuss the misrepresentations displayed in news articles.
Recently, there has been a controversy between bikes and Campbell Newsman’s new anti-bike laws. In the articles titled This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the premier. Police say he’s done nothing wrong’ by Robin Ironsides, and ‘Senior police packing heat’ by Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray, both authors convey an unfair representation of the groups of bikes within society. These groups are often marginal’s and authors portray them negatively based upon stereotypes. Together, these articles demonstrate the Inaccurate representations of bless as minorities.
The article Senior police packing heat’ published by the Courier Mall on the 1 lath of November (201 3), describes the Queensland Police battle against the belle legislation. Through closer examination, It Is clear that the authors, Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray have created a biased depiction of motorcycle groups though the utilization of language techniques such as evaluative language, repetition and actions. The headings of newspaper articles are considered to be one of the most important aspects of the text as it aims to engage and catch the reader’s attention.

The title Senior police packing heat’ is a great example of an attention grabbing heading; however, it incorporates a negative connotation about motorcycle groups. The phrase “packing heat,” is quite alarming as it coincides with the Queensland Police Union’s action to take stand in preparation for their fight against the bless. Here, Chamberlain and Murray have stereotyped all forms of motorcycle gangs to perceive them as criminals, or Involved In criminal activity. As a result, the government has made legislations against the entire belle population to stop their true as motorcyclists in order to prevent violent and illegal acts.
The authors have also used repetition and actions to clearly show Queensland bikes as an infamous group to reinforce to the reader about their destructive prominence in society. Through the actions of Commissioner Ian Stewart, Chamberlain and Murray have successfully showed the Queensland Police Unions considerations to “allow some district duty officers to carry RE . 223 carbines with telescopic sights in their vehicles. ” “These are very, very high powered weapons and they need to be handled very, very ruefully. The repetition of “very,” emphasizes the dangers and threats posed to us by the bikes and outlines how much care “SENIOR police” should take. This showcases that the people Involved in motorcycle groups are considered to be criminals and or Involved In criminal actively as their behavior in society Is alleged to be Illegal. Similarly, the article entitled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he’s done nothing wrong’ Published by the to Premier Campbell Newman and his family.
However, after deconstructing the article, it is clearly shown that investigators could not identify any signs of criminal offence behind the menacing video. Through the utilization of language features such as emotive language and intensifiers, Ironsides has portrayed the offender as a mysterious man alleged to be involved in criminal activities. This emotive language is depicted in the second stanza of the article. Ironsides states that the “Queensland Police Service confirmed investigators” that the man responsible was not persecuted of any illegal acts.
This indicates that the man behind the online video criticizing the State Governments “anti-bike laws” has not been found to commit any signs of criminal offence. Despite this, the author has created an undesirable representation of motorcycle minorities through the use of intensifiers. She writes that the “masked man” involved in the online video criticized the Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment. ” This implies that although the man was not committed of any lawless offence, he was assumed to be a dangerous figure in society.
Here, the author has represented this group of people in a negative manner through a careful election of deceptive techniques. To reinforce this statement, Ironsides has incorporated a visual element in her article that portrays the alleged offender to have committed the series of threats to Campbell Newman and his family. This picture displays the masked man giving an inappropriate gesture towards authority, therefore, reinforcing our negative perceptions of bike groups. Every day, journalists are entrusted with the task of delivering unbiased events and issues to the public.
However, editors regularly bypass this expectation, and instead serpentine the story to what was actually being conveyed in order to manipulate readers to perceive something the way they want you to. This technique was used by Robin Ironsides in her article titled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he’s done nothing wrong,’ and Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray in their article ‘Senior police packing heat’. In these articles both authors have represented bike minorities in a bias and negative manner. They have portrayed all motorcyclists groups as criminals who are involved in illegal activities.

News Media: Overview

Kill the Media.
The formation of personal identity in present-day society can be seen as awkward and challenging. Many teenagers gravitate towards the media for direction on how to stay up-to-date and fresh on trends while going through a tumultuous puberty stage. The dominant influence of accepted media affects every individual’s sense of self. Lauren Moak, author of “Is This What You Really Want? ” attempts to explain the effect media portrayal has on a younger audience’s stance on beauty and self-esteem.
She states, “The media sends the same message on every commercial, billboard, and television show out there. If you do not have the perfect shape, clear complexion…well, you’re not “beautiful”. ” (Moak). Moak verifies that the mainstream media crafts images that youthful individuals struggle to become. Every day many girls strive to fit the mold the media has created. Girls fixate over thin frames, tan skin, and unattainable facial features. What many fail to realize is that most, if not all, images are airbrushed or photo-shopped to transform the average face of a model to an unrealistic being.
Moak further elucidates her point by saying, “The media says that if we all fail at achieving this “ideal” body image, we must try harder no matter what the costs. ”(Moak). Attempting to assemble an identity in a media-saturated world is nearly impossible. Everything one does is inspiration from the media and what society deems as “right”. Self-individuality cannot coexist with popular media. Personal identity, as well as gender identity suffers from the media. Many images from popular media exhibit cliched, constricting, and naive perceptions on various issues, most commonly being gender.

David Sedaris, author of “I Like Guys”, explains his self-awareness of his own sexuality and the portrayal of homosexuals by the media and close people around him. Early into his essay, he describes, “It was my hope to win a contest, cash in the prizes, and use the money to visit a psychiatrist who might cure me of having homosexual thoughts. ” (Sedaris). By Sedaris wanting to instantly be cured from homosexual thoughts, it shows that homosexuality is not acceptable in his society. He also explains viewing homosexual men on television and looking down upon them.
This is parallel to the gender identity issues in present-day society because the media is yet again forcing their viewpoints onto others and limiting individual’s perception of people. This, in turn, leads to new stereotypes and discrimination against sexes. One should not feel ashamed, but instead entitled to one’s own views and standpoints on issues. Sedaris expresses the immediate shame he felt after an encounter with another boy. He states, “My jealousy stemmed from the belief that he had been cured.
One fistful of my flesh and he had lost all symptoms of the disease…why couldn’t I do the same? ” (Sedaris). The media’s continuous backlash to painful topics causes gender identity issues to prevail. Judith Ortiz Cofer, author of “The Myth Of The Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria” attempts to explain the effect media portrayal has on a younger audience’s stance on beauty and self-esteem. She states, “The media sends the same message on every commercial, billboard, and television show out there. If you do not have the perfect shape, clear complexion…well, you’re not “beautiful”. (Cofer). Moak verifies that the mainstream media crafts images that youthful individuals struggle to become. Every day many girls strive to fit the mold the media has created.
Girls fixate over thin frames, tan skin, and unattainable facial features. What many fail to realize is that most, if not all, images are airbrushed or photo- shopped to transform the average face of a model to an unrealistic being. Moak further elucidates her point by saying, “The media says that if we all fail at achieving this “ideal” body image, we must try harder no matter what the costs. (Cofer). Attempting to assemble an identity in a media-saturated world is nearly impossible. Everything one does is inspiration from the media and what society deems as “right”. Self-individuality cannot coexist with popular media. The formation of personal identity in present-day society can be seen as awkward and challenging. Many teenagers gravitate towards the media for direction on how to stay up-to-date and fresh on trends while going through a tumultuous puberty stage. The dominant influence of accepted media affects every individual’s sense of self.

Kill the Media

Pakistan Media.
Media enhance the knowledge of public and communicates all the happenings to the public. Media industry of Pakistan is growing fast with much potential and seemingly bright future ahead. Media should not use negative tools to increase their viewership. Role of media in Pakistan is getting quite irresponsible; as there are so many talk shows and political debates on the screen all the time and sometimes they seems to be crossing their limits. Media should work in its limits and according to some rules and regulations. Besides spreading exaggeration, Pakistani media should resolve the matters with positive attitude.
Media is supposed to be responsible for the present society, trends, norms, values and so on. People are what they see, around them. Media reflects the society and it is the responsibility of media to expose the country to the whole world. Role of media in Pakistan cannot be neglected; Pakistani media relates dramas, movies, sports, news and entertainment and so many features to the people. Its dramas reflect society and happenings and issues in the society not only to the people of Pakistan but also to the whole world, news channels alarm the people about all the current happenings, within and outside the country.
MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 1. We are living in the age of information explosion, where the world has shrunk into a global village. 2. The vital function of Mass Media is that it is the thinking mode of any society. Following are the types of Mass Media: – (a)Print Media (b)Electronic Media (c)Interactive Media 3. Tools of Media. Since the media plays a war of words, the important tools Include ‘vocabulary’, being ‘vigilant about different developments’. (a)Reading. (b)Vigilant (c)Punctual (d)Alertness (e)Lingual Competence FACTORS FOR GROWTH OF MEDIA 1.

Mass media is wholesaler of M. Communication. Pak inherited 05 radio channel son its birth. International Trend played important role in development of Mass Media in Pakistan. Initial decades of Pakistani Media’s history have been dominated by PTV. 2. Government was compelled to permit freedom of media (a)Liberalization of airway in India led to mushroom growth of TV channels (b)In Kargil war India was able to sell its viewpoint to the world and cashed on its version while Pak suffered since it had only the state channel. (c)Economic boom in telecom in Pakistan.
Commercial nature of Media was discovered in the economic advantages related to it. Revenue generated by Media in 2002 was 2 billion and in 2007 this soared to Rs. 17 Billion. (d)Literacy rate / level grew in Pakistan and played a role in media Development. (e)Arrival of cable operators / network and its growth held vision. (f)Govt policies played vital role, especially of President Musharraf. Javed Jabbar. Said “Media is more powerful then nuclear devices” he worked on PEMRA 3. Private sector was involved and posed challenge to state media.
State Media to compete with Pvt Media has to improve and become more open and provide realistic stories, this reformed the State Media as well _ since realistic input was being provided by the Pvt Media. 4. Pak Media Market was in raw form and was untapped; it had the potential to grow. Phenomenon of community based radio channels i. e. FM channel, community based Services (print / elect) have played important role in media development. 5. Number of Press Media / Printing groups were permitted and have launched their TV channels e. . Jang Group – Geo, etc. 6. Mass media is the major source of providing news and entertainment to the people who wants to know who is doing what and what is happening. Aristotle in his book “Poetics” has written that “Media is a means of catharsis and is must for normal living”. 7. The entertainment and news value of media has played very important role its development. However, electronic media enjoys larger scope over print media, since it has wider audience, is easily accessible and be understood by even illiterate people.
The media provides wide range of entertainment / news according to interest of people of different age groups / liking / languages. Talk Shows Mania has brought more liberalization and has revolutionized the concept since erstwhile taboo issues are being discussed enhancing the awareness of people. 8. The realization in the people and Government about the role of media in society / economic development is there. Indian soap operas have a large viewer ship and their popularity has attracted lots of commercials / advertisement. The commercial aspects attached to the media have contributed to its rapid development. . The Infrastructure Development has taken place. Modern state of art studios /introduction of latest equipment / communication facilities like video conferencing, fax, electronic data transfer, chat / mobiles, etc have brought in a revolution and contributed immensely in the media development. 10. The advertisement / commercials have brought big money to media market. The contents of programmes are changing. The high economic stakes attached to the media have brought in Professionalism in all its related fields. Due open market, there is a Scarcity of professional media men 11.
The abundance of media outlets has on one hand has created lot of employment opportunities but on the other has posed challenges to the media men to excel in their fields. Jang Group has more than 50,000 employees; media persons are getting enhanced wages. Today we have number of highly professional and well-known media persons who are stalwarts of Pakistani Media and form its backbone. 12. Dozens Of other factors have played role in the development of Pakistani Media. It has been a “watchdog” on actions of the state, people strengthened the media. Media has played important role in discussing un-touched subjects.
It has helped harmonizing the nation on otherwise contentious issues. The competition among the channels is bringing in qualitative improvement in the content and other aspects of programmes MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN EFFECTS OF MEDIA 1. Level of Awareness. The level of awareness has increased. Media has contributed a lot in increasing the general knowledge, who is who and what is what, knowledge of current issues etc. The programmers having media discussions, current affairs, documentaries, etc have been instrumental in enhancing the common man’s awareness.

Pakistan Media

Media Thinness and Teenagers.
The following paper will present a counterargument to the idea that body image is shaped by attitudes in the media.  Part of this counterargument will rely on the fact that thinness is cultural problem and not a media problem as will be examined using the peer reviewed article Ingrassia & Springen wrote The body of the beholder,  which examines attitudes of race in regards to body thinness and how Caucasian women are more strict on their bodies while African American women, due to culture, perceive their normal bodies to be normal.
The other argument being presented in this paper will be on how models do not warp young girls’ minds to the ideas of thinness but rather it is an individual perspective that allows women to feel as though they are not thin enough.  Thus the paper’s main idea will be that media does not present a too thin body but rather it is in the perception of the culture that does this.
Part A

Body image in the media is used to represent a product and to sell that product, like coca-cola or something else.  The media giants choose thin models not as them saying to how women should look but rather as a way to how they want their product to appear to the audience; thus, the scope of this problem comes from teenagers, girls, who buy into the marketing media of supermodel thinness, and then become anorexic to fit this ideal.
The idea of thinness is misconstrued on the idea that women’s bodies are too thin and thus those too thin bodies present to the advertising world what their body should look like, but this is not true.  Thinness is in the eye of the beholder, “When individuals evaluate their appearance, they can either concur or disagree with other evaluators.  If dissensus occurs its direction can be either self enhancing or self-denigrating” (Levinson 1986; 330).
Women and men are sensible enough to know what is too thin to be realistic; often times media transform their model’s bodies and digitally improve or reduce the model’s body thus presenting a false image.  This is not done in order to tell young girls that their bodies should be thin but in keeping in mind with the best possible way to present the product of the advertisement, therefore the problem is affecting a mass amount of people, especially in the western society since marketing is targeting these countries.  The fact that such images are digitally ‘improved’ in one way or another is no secret and therefore the good reason that such images produce too thin body ideals does not hold against the argument that they indeed do,
I mean we can alter that body shape definitely…I mean the computer can pretty much do anything.  You can alter it…they don’t tend to …but its kind of up to the model editor…You make ‘em…sort of squish them together to make them look thinner (Milkie 2002; 851).
Another argument against the too thin body image presented in the media is that this is more of a cultural attitude.  In The body of the beholder the authors stress that more often than not Caucasian women have poor images of themselves while African American women do not; this is due to culture and not to media; in other words, the body image is in the eyes of the beholder and not in the eyes of the media, “Quite commonly researchers restrict samples to white subjects or ignore race as an independent variable in their designs.  However, existing anecdotal and case studies report that blacks assign positive qualities of well-being and power to heavy-women” (Levinson et al. 1986; 331).
Part B
Culture teaches that thinness is the ultimate ideal; but whose culture?  The argument of this paper now becomes mingled with the fact that American culture is imitating African American culture in dress, song, and literature.  Rap, Hip-Hop and Gansta Rap are all becoming the values by which the culture focuses its appearance right down to cars, jewelry, clothing, and body image.  It is now considered normal to have grills on one’s teeth, to wear ‘bling’ and to copy in whatever capacity possible the African American culture and nowhere is this seen more often than in suburban neighborhoods as rap sales are more than half sold to young white audiences.
With this new found cultural thing alive in the American culture the other argument evolves into one that also mirrors the body image of African American women which is voluptuous
The minority respondents, in sharp contrast, did not emulate these images nor compare themselves as negatively with the models.  Even though most of the black girls occasionally read the mainstream publications, they considered the images less relevant, belonging to ‘white girls’ culture and not part of a reference group toward which they oriented themselves…The black girls indicated that they did not relate to the images and did not wish to emulate the rigid white beauty ideal (Milkie 1999; 200).
African American women present to culture their body image as counter to waiflike, with curves and in fact African American women are more content with their body image than white women and this goes against the media portraying real, curvy women.  Adolescence will impersonate whatever they see as ‘cool’ or popular and right now there are two conflicting things that arise; the ideal of the waiflike woman, and the ideal of the more voluptuous woman as seen in African American culture.
An adolescent will turn to whatever is deemed as cool in their social clique.  This leads to the fact that since American culture has included into its ‘cool’ factor the images of African American women that soon the idea of thinness will be counter culture and African American women’s standards will be the normal standard, “…there’s growing evidence that black and white girls view their bodies in dramatically different ways.
The latest finding come in a study to be published in the journal Human Organization this spring by a team of black and white researchers at the University of Arizona.  While 90 percent of the white junior-high and high school girls studied voiced dissatisfaction with their weight, 70 percent of African-American teens were satisfied with their bodies” (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
This study goes on to state that even when overweight black teenagers were interviewed they still viewed themselves and described themselves as happy.  This source of size in fact is somewhat of a source of pride, the study further emphasized other different facets by which white and black girls viewed themselves, “Asked to describe women as they age, two thirds of the black teens said they get more beautiful, and many cited their mothers as examples.  White girls responded that their mothers may have been beautiful—back in their youth.  Says anthropologist Mimi Nichter, one of ht study’s coauthors, ‘In white culture, the window of beauty is so small’ (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
Part C
Thus, the problems of thinness arrive from the culturally dishonest.  Black and white girls are exposed to the same media but their sense of self identity as seen in that media is quite different as the above statements have proven.  Thus, the ideals of beauty are the main contributors of what is considered to be normal.  White girls see 5 foot 7 inches and between 100 to 110 pounds to be normal while African American girls describe their ideal size as exhibiting full hips, thick thighs, and basically in the words of Sir Mix-A lot ‘baby got back’ (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).  These African American teens also described ideal beauty has having the right attitude.
…African American mothers must teach their daughters how to negotiate between two often confliction cultures: Black and white and must prepare daughters to cope with the racial and sexual dangers in the realities of the world that Black women must confront…Black mothers also play an important role in mitigating the dominant culture’s devaluing messages by providing more positive messages and alternatives to the white middle class ideal to their daughters to offset the negative reflections they see of themselves in the eye of the dominant culture (Lovejoy 2001: 253).
This study only further exemplifies the argument in this paper that it is not the media that perpetuates the cult of thinness but rather this false ideal is found in the fact that perception is the ingredient in thinness.  Culture is the curse from which thinness arises,
Underlying the beauty gap are 200 years of cultural differences. “In white, middleclass America, part of the great American Dream of making it is to be able to make yourself over,” says Nichter. “In the black community, there is the reality that you might not move up the ladder as easily. As one girl put it, you have to be realistic-if you think negatively about yourself, you won’t get anywhere.” It’s no accident that Barbie has long embodied a white adolescent ideal-in the early days, she came with her own scale (set at 110) and her own diet guide (“How to Lose Weight: Don’t Eat”).
Even in this post-feminist era, Barbie’s tight-is-right message is stronger than ever. Before kindergarten, researchers say, white girls know that Daddy eats and Mommy diets. By high school, many have split the world into physical haves and have-nots, rivals across the beauty line. “It’s not that you hate them [perfect girls],” says Sarah Immel, a junior at Evanston Township High School north of Chicago. “It’s that you’re kind of jealous that they have it so easy, that they’re so perfect-looking.” (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
Thus, the black ideal can be argued to be less limiting, and less focused on something that is unrealistic.  Since white culture stresses the make-over then black culture stresses self respect and being happy with ‘you’.  In Ingrassia & Springen’s article they quote Tyra Banks, a supermodel who had said that in high school she was the envy of her white friends when she would repeatedly say that she wanted thighs like her black girlfriends; the split of culture is clearly found in this fact.
The media centers on selling a product through presentation of an ideal body.  However, the media world is being taken over by Black culture from BET to Fox.  The ideals are changing with regards to body image.  The strongest signal that is competing for body image is peer pressure.  Since groups of teens are influential with their friends the black community is able to reiterate their ideals of body image to their friends and since they do not emulate the waiflike figures of supermodels so common in culturally white media (which is diminishing) they are more able to disregard the unrealistic image presented to them in advertisements.
White girls however are suffering from their own culture and the reiteration of this culture not only through media at times but through the concept that has been taught to them that their mothers are always on a diet.  White culture has taught these girls more than the media has that their daddies eat and their mothers are on diets (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
Ingrassia & Springen further emphasize that white culture teaches that it is okay and even normal to have an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia, but in black culture these are even more of a phenomenon as black girls do not succumb to this masochism since their culture does not present it as a strong factor to be considered normal, “Black teens don’t usually go to such extremes. Anorexia and bulimia are relatively minor problems among African-American girls.
And though 51 percent of the black teens in the study said they’d dieted in the last year, follow-up interviews showed that far fewer were on sustained weight-and-exercise programs. Indeed, 64 percent of the black girls thought it was better to be “a little” overweight than underweight. And while they agreed that “very overweight” girls should diet, they defined that as someone who “takes up two seats on the bus.””  (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
Ingrassia & Springen state in their study that 90% of white girls have some dissatisfaction with their bodies and that 62% of them are on a diet within the past year.  The study further states that 70% of black girls are happy with their body image and 64% say that it is better to be a little overweight than a little underweight (Ingrassia & Springen 1995; 66).
This paper has stated that the media’s norms are changing with the introduction and focus on black culture that presents different body images.  The paper further stated that media was not the only device by which white girls receive their dissatisfied approach to their own bodies but with their mother’s influence of dieting thinness became an ideal.  It is with the changing cultural norms of switching focus from white culture to black culture that new media images will begin to filter into society as is exemplified through programs on television such as Queen Latifah whose body image though overweight by white culture standards is considered to be beautiful with black cultures.  Thus, the focus of a more voluptuous body, with curves, and a larger ‘booty’ is becoming the American standard.
Bibliography
Dittmar, Helga & Sarah Howard.  (December 2004).  Professional hazards? The impact          of models’ body size on advertising effectiveness and women’s body-focused          anxiety in professions that do and do not emphasize the cultural ideal of       thinness. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 43(4), 477-497.
Dohnt, Hayley & Marika Tiggemann.  (September 2006).  The contribution of peer and            media influences to the development of body satisfaction and self-esteem in     young girls: a prospective study.  Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 929-936.
Ingrassia, Michele; Springen, Karen.  (24 April 1995).   The body of the beholder.        Newsweek,   Vol. 125 Issue 17, p66.
Levinson, Richard et al.  (Dec. 1986).  Social Location, Significant Others and Body    Image Among Adolescents.  Social Psychology Quarterly.  Vol. 49, No. 4,            pp330-337.
Lovejoy, Meg.  (April 2001).  Disturbances in the Social Body:  Differences in Body       Image And Eating Problems Among African American and White Women.       Gender and Society.  Vol. 15.  No. 2. pp239-261.
Milkie, Melissa.  (December 2002).  Contested Images of Femininity: An Analysis of
Cultural Gatekeepers’ Struggles with the ‘Real Girl’ Critique.  Gender and
Society.  Vol. 16, No. 6.  pp839-859.
Milkie, Melissa A.  (June 1999).  Social Comparisons, Reflected Appraisals, and Mass           Media:The Impact of Pervasive Beauty Images on Black and White Girls’ Self Concepts. Social Psychology Quarterly.  Vol. 62, No. 2.  pp190-210.

Media Thinness and Teenagers

Media and Journalism Ethics in the United States.
In the United States, free expression is being practiced, especially in Media where privacy is not an issue anymore. Media people are open to talk about everything and everyone. After all, in the US system, free media is a reflection of free country and free people.
In most nations, government takes big part in maintaining Media rules and policies. In the United States, they have Journalism Ethics that people working in Media industry must follow. These are taking full responsibility of everything that you write and broadcast to the people, and are some-what set rules in order to have fair and constructive news and information in the society.
Journalism Ethics provide a process in checking all journalistic write-ups, news or any, even simple information without violating the freedom of expression by media people. Journalists in every place provide the public with awareness on important issues and knowledge on everything, especially on things that are essential to us. They play a vital role in everyday lives of the people and for this; they should be guided accordingly in order to have proper and fair distribution of information and responsible and constructive views for all.

Media is a term used to people who gather, make and broadcast news and information to a very large audience. This serves as a relevant source of information and deeply affects public’s lifestyle and thinking.
Centuries ago, media is already evident but people from the past didn’t have the term “media” yet. Not until the 1920’s where it was deliberately distributed, used, and practiced that the people came up with the term “Media.” This term is associated always to the dissemination of facts, opinions, and ideas through the use of newspapers, journals and magazines, television, radio, the web, books, and even cinema films. Its growth was fast that made it as one of the credible sources in receiving news and information.
Media plays a huge role in our society. Nowadays, we always see people reading newspapers, watching television, or listening to radio to get news and information, not just inside the country but also all the things that are happening around the globe.
Media has its purpose for the society and its people; these are to educate, to inform, and to simply entertain. We learn from all the information media is providing us. Education today depends on the advance reports of everything that is happening in every place all the time. Students, especially teachers gather information from media because all of us have this “trust” in media people on all the information that they supply. Also, media has its way to inform the public; these are through the use of newspapers, magazines, radio, and the most common and in demand of all, the television.
We rely on these things very much because without the media providing the information, people will be detached not only from what is happening around the world, but also from the governance of our administration, law-makers and all the things that are essential in our society as a democratic country. Another thing is media plays a role of just simply entertaining the public. In all the problems that our society is facing today, all the tragedies, hazards and fear that we are experiencing, media finds a way to divert our attention to some other things and somehow relieves us and make us forget even for some time all the anxiety that we undergo these days.
Media really help and educate us through the information that they provide. Without the media, perhaps our points of view on everything will be limited and our opinions inadequate. The flow of information that media is doing is very important and useful and we must realize how it helps us in our everyday lifestyle, and how it affects our culture, our beliefs, and our attitudes and behavior towards everything surrounding us.
Freedom of the press in the United States before, especially during the 17th century, was not guided accordingly by rules of the government, thus resulting to media people being fined for libel or even sedition especially when the government finds their published opinions threatening or aggressive. The notion of “freedom of the press” started when John Peter Zenger was prosecuted for seditious libel in 1735. Eventually, Zenger was found not guilty in his case when his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton argued to the jury that there is nothing wrong in publishing the truth and telling the public about a reality that is really happening.
When the American Revolution came, one of the essentials that Revolutionary leaders need to save and maintain is the Press Freedom, this was followed by the amendment of the United States Constitution stating the restriction of the congress from editing the freedom of the press that is also closely connected to freedom of speech. During this time, Thomas Jefferson was an important figure. He wanted the government to be transparent in providing security and opportunity for every citizen of the nation, especially the things that concerning the society and every individual’s concerns and needs.
He believed that a press that is free and active will be effective in educating the public and maintaining transparent news and information for all. An active press will help in the dissemination of all relevant information concerning the government and the public. And for this to happen, Jefferson wants the press to be out of control of the government. He stated that a state or a government that is not open in receiving criticisms and cannot stand condemnation deserves to fall and be out of governance. He stood by the fact that press is one of the measurements of freedom thus it should be ruled by reason and truth. Truth; which is very important in every aspect of our lives and which we deserve more than anything else especially now that we are committed to democracy in our country.
When somebody enters the world of media, the person should be guided by responsibilities in any information to be released. There are certain rules that any journalist or media individual must watch out for in order for them to be perceived as acting responsibly in what they do, some of these are unsubstantial or feathery write-ups, sensationalizing every detail of information, not recorded facts, and many more. Any journalist or press officer should be honest and fair in gathering and reporting incidents, cases or any event happening in the community and in the world.
Any information should be surrounded by accurate details, objective opinions and points of view, and of course balanced and fair judgment. Press people should also be aware of not receiving any favor or gift from anyone especially if it will affect the information that the public deserve to know and be informed of. They must be also aware that in every fact, news, or information that they write, they should be accountable to their followers such as their readers if it is newspaper, listeners if it is radio and viewers from television, internet and other sources of information.
Being a responsible journalist should also be making sure that their sources of information are dependable and trustworthy, and for this to happen, they should avoid anonymous sources and always cite sources properly. Media individuals should not also fabricate any information and detail of news even it is just a tiny detail of information. Responsible media individual should not cross the line up to the point where invasion of privacy has already become an issue.
When criticizing someone, especially if it is a political figure, be sure to get his side and the chance to respond to the same story. And be sure to maintain the standards of the society or the community regarding obscenity or any pornographic information that will have a great effect to the public. Whenever a press officer states opinion, be also sure that fair comment rule is being followed to avoid being charged of libel.
Community standards, as I have mentioned earlier vary in every situation and in every place. What I am going to discuss is one of the most important event happened in the world that the community set the standards in delivering news and coverage. This is the standards of the community when it comes to bringing news and information about the War.
The society is greatly affected in any international coverage of different events especially when there is War occurrence around the globe. Just to set expectations, there are rules that media industry follows whenever covering an event, a tragedy or any complex issue that needs to be brought in the awareness of the public. One of these is the most common standard; always cite the sources where the journalist gathered the information.
Also use different types of sources, do not just depend on one source, consider the views and opinions of other individuals especially if it will greatly affect the news and will send an important knowledge to the public. Investigate further about the issue just to clarify any information and to make the people aware of every detail. If it is War coverage, always provide the story of all sides, the different images, but also avoid sensationalizing the situation and just stick to what is essential to the public. And always provide post-incident report just to make sure that there will be a closure and finality in every story.
Another issue when we talk about Media is the privacy. More often than not, privacy is really affected and invaded when media enters the scene. Since privacy is subjective, the government set regulations on how the privacy should look like just to protect every individual especially politicians and public figures. In this case, it is also perceive that the government is the main threat to the privacy of every individual because they control any information, and also they have surveillances and collection and sharing of public information.
Because privacy issues are rapidly growing, there are now certain boundaries that the law established to protect all individuals especially public figures that are perceived to be public owned. The right to privacy was made into consideration in 1890’s when a lot of sensational stories, gossips, sexual scandals and even publication of obscene images became uncontrolled.
Individuals became less private because media people have the freedom to invade personal lives. For example, if all of us can walk on the beach, sidewalks, or any public place, a journalist, a photographer, or any press officer can also do all of these things.
The government implemented certain rules so that privacy cases will be minimized. The government set certain places that any press individual is not allowed to enter or go into. If there are special events that the public must know, government issues special media access for them to cover and make the public aware of the event. Only in the 1970’s when the government let the media roll their cameras and cover the discussion in the U.S. House of
Representatives and only in 1986 when it permitted the media into the Senate chamber. In courtrooms, media is allowed to cover the proceedings just for the public to know that the justice system guarantees the right and fair trial, but still most of the federal courtrooms still not allow cameras inside. Another thing that the government made sure that privacy is protected is by issuing a search warrant whenever there are cases that a private home or place needs to be searched. Only people with this court-issued paper are allowed to enter premises and conduct search.
These are just some of the so many privacy issues that media people is being held responsible especially to cases where they really disobey the law and totally invade private lives. At least, I can say that the government and its laws are there and being implemented to protect every individual’s right to be alone and be private.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press
http://www.taje.org/fortaje/ppt/responsible.ppt
http://www.mediamouse.org/griid/fcc-war-standards.php
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=1652
http://www.winning-newsmedia.com/privacy.htm

Media and Journalism Ethics in the United States

The Amateurs Give Way to Big Media.
There are a number of reasons used by Kirsner to support his views that amateur producers will given way to professional big media players. Firstly, it is due to their lack in value-added content.

Undoubtedly, viewers were curious and attracted to the humorous video clips initially but such a ‘market’ has become too saturated and boring as more and more amateur producers try to follow suit.

As such, viewers would switch back to familiar professional productions which are not a waste of time in watching. He felt that people nowadays are more selective as they have more choices and would want to choose the better ones.
This is especially so when these big media players are entering the internet market to bring up the production quality to re-attract the viewers. Kirsner further cited examples where many of the previously popular amateur producers were still ranked high on the web only because they had merged forces with the professional big media players.
Another reason is that Kirsner believe that amateur producers do not have the large revenue to spend on marketing, unlike the big media players. They could only rely on word of mouth or simply hope that their movie clip was ‘discovered’ by viewers. Thus, it would only be a matter of time before they become forgotten.
Finally, Kirsner mentioned that even if the amateur producers were able to attract a large group of viewers, most of them were usually unable to come up with interesting content to sustain the viewers’ interest.
Therefore, Kirsner believed that it would only be a matter of time before such amateur producers of video on You Tube give way to the professional big media players.
2. Do you think most informed Americans would find Kirsner’s predictions about the big media corporations dominating 80% of viewers compared to 20% for amateur videos is accurate?
In my opinion, I do not think that most Americans would find Kirsner’s predictions about the big media corporations dominating 80% of viewers compared to 20% for amateur videos is accurate.
No doubt, there will be a shift in the viewers’ taste but the shift will not be so great as there would still be unforeseen circumstances when the professional producers were not at hand to film the interesting content such as an earthquake, a tsunami or a hurricane.
Many of such video clips were taken by amateur producers and posted on the internet for viewers as they happened to be at the scene and were armed with a video camera.
3.   his prediction of 60/40?
I believe that his 60/40 prediction is likely to be more accurate. As mentioned in his article, the latest professionally produced had nearly attracted 900, 000 viewers daily but that definitely would not account for the majority of the population.
It is likely that the big media players had re-attracted the older viewers but not the younger generations. This is especially so when young people usually do not have the patience to watch long serial. They would rather watch the short humorous video clips by amateur producers. In fact, many of my peers today still discuss and share the amateur productions that they have watched.
There are also many comments and discussions still posted on the internet about the video clips. It could be a sort of peer pressure for them to continue watching as they might feel out of place if they had not watched such clips.
Kirsner had also mentioned in his article that there had already been evidence of amateur producers ‘developing continued series’ (Kirsner Scott, 2006), thus the number of viewers is unlikely to drop too low.
Bibliography
Kirsner, Scott. 2006. As online viewing booms, the amateurs give way to big media. http://mecury news.com/mld/mercurynews/news/editorial/16154786.htm

The Amateurs Give Way to Big Media